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Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is triggered by hormones that cause the uterus’ muscular walls to contract, displacing the fetus during the developmental stage when it is ready to feed and breathe. In some species, the offspring is accurate and can move almost immediately after birth, but in others, it is an alternative and depends entirely on paternity. In marsupials, the fetus is born at a very immature stage after a short gestational period and develops further in the maternal sac.

Not only mammals give birth. Some reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates carry developing offspring. Some of them are ovoviviparous animals, whose eggs hatch inside the mother’s body; others are viviparous, with an embryo developing inside her body, as in mammals.

Large mammals such as primates, cattle, horses, some antelopes, giraffes, hippos, rhinos, elephants, seals, whales, dolphins, and porpoises are usually pregnant with one offspring. However, they may have twins or multiple births. In these large animals, the birth process is similar to that of a human, although for the most part, the offspring are accurate. This means that it is born in a more advanced state than a human infant and can stand, walk and run (or swim in the case of aquatic mammals) shortly after birth. In whales, dolphins and marine breeds, one calf is usually born on the first tail, which minimizes the risk of drowning. The mother encourages the newborn calf to rise to the surface of the water to breathe.

Most of the smaller mammals give birth several times, giving birth to litters from young, twelve or more. In these animals, each fetus is surrounded by its amniotic sac and has a separate placenta. This is detached from the uterus wall during labor, and the fetus enters the birth canal.

Large mammals giving birth to twins are much less common but are sometimes found even in large mammals such as elephants. In April 2018, around 8-month-old twin elephants were seen joining their mother’s herd in Tanzania’s Tarangire National Park, estimated to have been born in August 2017. Humans usually produce one offspring at a time. The mother’s body prepares for childbirth due to hormones produced by the pituitary gland, ovaries and placenta. The total gestation period from fertilization to delivery is usually about 38 weeks (labor usually occurs 40 weeks after the last menstrual period). The standard labor process takes several hours and consists of three stages.

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