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Gender is a set of characteristics that relate and distinguish masculinity and femininity. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological gender (i.e. the condition of a man, woman, or intersex variation), gender-based social structures (i.e. gender roles), or gender identity. Most cultures use bisexual gender (boys/men and girls/women)); those that exist outside these groups fall under the general term non-binary or gender. Some societies have certain genders other than “masculine” and “feminine,” such as the Hijras of South Asia; they are often referred to as the third genders (and fourth genders, etc.).

Sexologist John Money introduced a terminological distinction between biological sex and gender as a role in 1955. Before his work, the word “gender” was often used to mean anything other than grammatical categories. However, the meaning of the word Money’s did not become widespread until the 1970s, when feminist theory adopted the concept of distinguishing between biological sex and the social construct of sex. Today, this difference is observed in some contexts, especially in the field of social sciences and documents written by the World Health Organization (WHO).

In other contexts, including some areas of the social sciences, gender includes or replaces gender. For example, in non-human animal studies, gender is commonly used to indicate the biological sex of animals. This change in gender can be traced back to the 80s. In 1993, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began using gender instead of gender. Later, in 2011, the FDA changed its position and began to use sex as a biological classification, and gender as “a person’s self-image as a man or woman or how social institutions respond to this person based on the person’s gender representation.”

The social sciences have a branch dedicated to gender studies. Other sciences, such as sexology and neurobiology, are also interested in this subject. Social sciences sometimes view gender as a social construct, and gender studies, in particular, examine whether biological differences between men and women influence people’s gender development; both inform the debate about the extent to which biological differences influence gender identity. In some English literature, there is also a trichotomy between the biological sex, the psychological gender, and the social role of the gender. This structure first appeared in the 1978 feminist book on transsexualism.

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