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A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the activity of hydrogen ions in water-based solutions, showing its acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH. The pH meter measures the difference in electrical potential between the pH electrode and the reference electrode, which is why the pH meter is sometimes called the “potentiometric pH meter.” The difference in electrical potential is related to the acidity or pH of the solution. The pH meter is used in many fields, from laboratory experiments to quality control.

The rate and outcome of chemical reactions in water often depend on the acidity of the water. Therefore it is useful to know the edge of the water, usually measured using a pH meter. Knowledge of pH is practical or critical in many situations, including chemical laboratory tests. pH meters are used to measure soil in agriculture, water quality for public water supply, swimming pools, environmental restoration; brewing wine or beer; manufacturing, healthcare, and clinical applications such as blood chemistry; and many other applications.

Advances in instrumentation and detection have expanded the number of applications in which pH measurements can be made. The devices were tiny, which allows direct measurement of pH inside living cells. In addition to measuring the pH of liquids, specially designed electrodes are available to measure semi-solids’ pH, such as food. They have tips suitable for piercing semi-solids, electrode materials compatible with food ingredients, and resistant to clogging.

Potentiometric pH meters measure the voltage between two electrodes and display the result converted to the corresponding pH value. They consist of a simple electronic amplifier and a pair of electrodes or a combined electrode and some form of display calibrated in pH units. Usually, it has a glass electrode and a reference electrode or a combination electrode. Electrodes or probes are inserted into the test solution.

The electrodes’ design is a crucial part: rod-shaped structures, usually made of glass, with a bulb containing a sensor underneath. The glass electrode for pH measurement has a glass flask specially designed to select the concentration of hydrogen ions. When immersed in the test solution, hydrogen ions in the test solution are exchanged for other positively charged ions on the glass bulb, creating an electrochemical potential throughout the bulb.

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