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A pine is any coniferous tree from the genus Pinus (/ ˈpiːnuːs /) of the Pinaceae family. Pine is the only genus in the Pinoideae subfamily. The list of plants compiled by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Missouri Botanical Garden accepts 126 species of pine names as actual and 35 unresolved species and many other synonyms. Pine can also refer to wood derived from pine trees; pine is one of the most widely used types of timber used as lumber.

The modern English name “pine” comes from the Latin pinus, which in some of them goes back to the Indo-European base * pīt- “resin” (source of the English pituitary). Until the 19th century, pines were often called firs (from Old Norse fura, by way of Middle English fire). In some European languages, German cognates of the Old Norse name are still used to refer to pines – in Danish for, in Norwegian fura/fure/furu, in Swedish fura/furu, in Dutch vuren and in German Föhre – but in modern English spruce is now confined to Abies and Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga). Pines are evergreen coniferous resinous trees (or less commonly shrubs) that grow 3–80 m (10–260 ft) in height, with most species reaching 15–15 m (50–150 ft) in height. The smallest are Siberian dwarf pine and Potosi pinyon, and the tallest is 81.79 m (268.35 ft) tall ponderosa pine located in the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest in southern Oregon.

Pine trees are long-lived and usually reach 100-1000 years, and some even more. The longest-livers are the Great Basin bristlecone, Pinus Longaeva. An individual of this species, called Methuselah, is one of the oldest living organisms in the world, about 4,600 years old. This tree can be found in the White Mountains of California. The old tree, which has now been felled, is 4900 years old. It was found in a grove under Wheeler’s Peak and is now known as Prometheus, after the Greek immortal.

The spiral growth of branches, needles, and cone scales can be arranged in proportions of Fibonacci numbers. New spring shoots are sometimes called “candles”; they are covered with brown or whitish scales on the buds and at first lookup, then turn green and expand outward. These “candles” give foresters the opportunity to appreciate the fertility of the soil and the energy of the trees.

The bark of most pines is thick and scaly, but in some species, the bark is thin, scaly. The branches are formed in the form of ordinary “pseudo whorls,” in fact, a very dense spiral, but it looks like a ring of branches emerging from one point. Many pines are unimodal, producing only one such turn of branches each year from buds at the end of a new shoot of the year, but others are multinodal, producing two or more whorls of branches per year.

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