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An apple is a fruit that grows on an apple tree and is eaten. Apple trees are the most frequently planted species in the Malus genus and are grown worldwide. The tree is said to have originated in Central Asia, where its wild progenitor, Malus sieversii, may still be found. Apples have been grown in Asia and Europe for thousands of years, and European colonists carried them to North America. In various civilizations, including Norse, Greek, and European Christian tradition, apples have religious and mythical importance.

Apples produced from seed are rarely identical to its parents, and the resulting fruit usually lacks desirable characteristics. Apple varieties are often propagated through clonal grafting onto rootstocks. Without rootstocks, apple trees grow big and take a long time to produce after planting. Rootstocks regulate the rate of development and the size of the resultant tree, making harvesting simpler.

There are about 7,500 different apple varieties. Different cultivars are developed for different tastes and uses, including cooking, eating raw, and making cider. Trees and fruit are sensitive to a range of fungal, bacterial, and insect issues that may be controlled using various organic and non-organic methods. The apple genome was sequenced in 2010 as part of studies on disease management and selective breeding in the apple industry.

Apple output reached 86 million tonnes in 2018, with China accounting for over half of the total.

The term apple comes from the Proto-Germanic root *ap(a)laz, also indicating fruit in general. It was originally spelt ppel in Old English. This is descended from Proto-Indo-European *ab(e)l-, although the exact meaning and relationship between the two words are unknown.

The phrase was also used as a general name for all fruit other than berries but included nuts as late as the 17th century, such as the 14th century Middle English word appel of paradis, which meant a banana. This is similar to how the French word pomme is used.

The apple tree is a deciduous tree that grows to a height of 2 to 4.5 meters (6 to 15 feet) under cultivation and up to 9 meters (30 feet) in the wild. Rootstock selection and pruning procedure influence the size, shape, and branch density of farmed plants. The leaves are dark green, simple ovals with serrated edges and somewhat downy undersides alternately arranged.

Blossoms are produced on spurs and some long shoots in the spring, at the same time as the leaves are budding. Flowers are white with a pink tint that fades with time, five petaled, and have a cyme with 4″6 flowers in a 3 to 4 cm (1 to 1+12 in) inflorescence. The “king bloom” is the inflorescence’s center flower; it opens first and can produce a bigger fruit.

The fruit grows in the late summer or early fall, and cultivars come in various sizes. Due to market demand, commercial farmers seek to produce an apple with a diameter of 7 to 8.5 cm (2+34 to 3+14) cm. Some customers, particularly in Japan, prefer a bigger apple, but apples less than 5.5 cm (2+14% in) are mostly utilized for juice and have little fresh market value. Ripe apples’ skin is often red, yellow, green, pink, or russetted, there are numerous bi- or tri-colored varieties available. The skin can also be completely or partially russeted, which means it is rough and dark. A protective coating of epicuticular wax coats the skin. The exocarp (flesh) is usually a pale yellowish-white color, however pink or yellow exocarps can sometimes be seen.

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