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Beavers are big semiaquatic rodents endemic to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, belonging to the genus Castor. The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the Eurasian beaver (Castor europaeus) are the two extant species (C. fiber). After capybaras, beavers are the second-largest living rodents. They feature huge heads, long chisel-like incisors, brown or gray hair, hand-like front paws, webbed back feet, and flat, scaly tails atop strong bodies. The Eurasian beaver has a longer head with a more triangular nasal bone opening, lighter fur, and a slimmer tail than the North American beaver. Rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds are just a few of the watery environments where the creatures may be found. They eat tree bark, aquatic plants, grasses, and sedges and are herbivores.
Beavers use tree branches, grass, pebbles, and mud to construct dams and lodges, and they gnaw down trees for building materials. Water is held back by dams, and lodges provide shelter. Their structure generates wetlands that are utilized by many other species, and they are considered a keystone species because of their impact on other creatures in the ecosystem.
Adult males and females raise their young in monogamous partnerships. When they are old enough, the children will assist their parents in repairing dams and lodges, as well as assisting in the raising of newly born offspring. Beavers use scent mounts consisting of mud, detritus, and castoreum, a urine-based material secreted by the castor sacs, to retain territories and identify them. Beavers can distinguish their relatives by the secretions of their anal glands, and they are more inclined to tolerate them as neighbors.
Beavers have traditionally been hunted for their fur, flesh, and castoreum. Castoreum is used in medicine, perfume, and food flavoring, and beaver pelts are a key source of revenue for the fur trade. Overhunting had almost wiped out both species until safeguards were instituted in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Their numbers have recovered, and the IUCN Red List of Mammals considers them to be of least concern. The beaver is the national animal of Canada and represents industriousness in human civilization.
The English term “beaver” is related to the German word Biber and the Dutch word bever and derives from the Old English word beofor or befor (recorded earlier as bebr). The word derives from an Indo-European root that means “brown.” The genus name Castor comes from the Greek word kastor, which means “beaver.”
The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the Eurasian beaver (Castor europaeus) are the two extant species (C. fiber). The Eurasian beaver has a longer head with a more triangular nasal bone opening, lighter fur, and a slimmer tail than the North American beaver. The North American beaver is also significantly longer.
In 1758, Carl Linnaeus established the genus Castor, as well as the specific (species) epithet fiber. Heinrich Kuhl, a German naturalist, named C. canadensis in 1820. They were not shown to be distinct species until the 1970s when chromosomal evidence became available. (The Eurasian has 48 chromosomes compared to the 40 of the North American.) Previously, many people thought they were the same species. They are unable to interbreed because of the disparity in chromosomal counts. There are 25 subspecies of C. Canadensis and nine subspecies of C. fiber.
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