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Brick is a type of block used to construct walls, floors, and other brickwork elements. Accurately, the term “brick” means a block of dried clay, but it is now also informally used to refer to other chemically cured building blocks. The bricks can be joined with mortar, adhesives or by interlocking them. Bricks are produced in different classes, types, materials and sizes, which differ depending on the region and period, and are produced in bulk.

Block is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit made of similar materials but usually larger than brick. Lightweight bricks (also called lightweight blocks) are made from expanded clay aggregate.

Fire brick is one of the most robust and most durable building materials, sometimes referred to as artificial stone, and has been in use since circa 4000 BC. Air-dried bricks, also known as clay bricks, have a more ancient history than fired bricks and have an additional mechanical binder component such as straw.

Bricks are stacked in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds, known collectively as masonry, and can be laid in various mortar types to hold the bricks together and create a strong structure. The earliest bricks were dried bricks, meaning they were formed from clay-bearing earth or mud and dried (usually in the sun) until they were strong enough for use. The oldest discovered bricks, originally made of moulded clay and dating back to 7500 BC, were found in Tell Aswad, in the upper Tigris region, and southeastern Anatolia, near Diyarbakir. The South Asians in Mehrgarh also built and lived in air-dried mudbrick houses between 7000 and 3300 BC. Other recent finds date back to the period between 7000 and 6395 BC. BC, come from Jericho, Catal Hüyük, the ancient Egyptian fortress of Buhen and the ancient cities of the Indus Valley Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Mehrgarh. Ceramic or fired brick was used as early as 3000 BC in the early Indus Valley cities called Kalibangan.

The earliest fired bricks appear in Neolithic China around 4400 BC at Chengtoushan, a walled settlement of the Daxi culture. These bricks were made of red clay, fired on all sides to temperatures over 600 ° C, and used as floors in homes. Before the Qujialing period (3300 BC), fired bricks were used to pave roads and build foundations in Chengtoushan.

Bricks continued to be used in the 2nd millennium BC at an area near Xi’an. Firebricks were found in Western Zhou ruins (1046–771 BC), where they were produced on a large scale. The Yingzao Fashi Carpenter’s Manual, published in 1103 during the Song Dynasty, describes the brick-making process and glazing techniques used. Using the 17th-century complete text Tiangong Kaiwu, historian Timothy Brook outlined the brick-making process of Ming Dynasty China.

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