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In architecture and structural engineering, a column or pillar is a structural element that conveys the weight of the structure above to other structural components below by compression. A column, in other terms, is a compression member. The phrase “column” refers to a huge spherical support (the column shaft) with a capital and a base or pedestal that is made of stone, or seems to be made of stone. A post is a tiny wooden or metal support, whereas piers are non-round supports having a rectangular or other non-round component.
Columns may be built to resist lateral forces for the purposes of wind or earthquake engineering. Because of the comparable stress circumstances, other compression members are commonly referred to be “columns.” Columns are commonly employed to support beams or arches that support the top portions of walls or ceilings. The term “column” in architecture refers to a structural element with proportional and ornamental characteristics. A column can also be a decorative element that isn’t necessary for structural reasons; many columns are engaged, that is, they are part of a wall. A colonnade is a lengthy row of columns connected by an entablature.
Imhotep, an ancient Egyptian builder, used stone columns whose surface was etched to reflect the organic form of bundled reeds like papyrus, lotus, and palm as early as 2600 BC.
Faceted cylinders were very prevalent in later Egyptian architecture. Their shape is supposed to be inspired by ancient reed-built sanctuaries. The stone columns were ornately carved and painted with hieroglyphics, inscriptions, ceremonial images, and natural themes. The Great Hypostyle Hall of Karnak (approximately 1224 BC) is famed for its Egyptian columns, which are lined up in sixteen rows with some reaching heights of 24 meters.
Papyriform columns are one of the most common types. The origins of these columns may be traced all the way back to the 5th Dynasty. They’re made out of lotus (papyrus) stems woven into a bundle with bands: the capital, rather than spreading out into the shape of a bellflower, swells out and then narrows down like a flower in bloom. Stipules are a recurrent ornament on the base, which tapers to adopt the shape of a half-sphere, like the stem of a lotus.
The Minoans used complete tree trunks, which were frequently turned upside down to prevent regrowth, and stood on a stylobate (floor base) foundation with a simple spherical capital on top. These were then painted in the style of Knossos, the most renowned Minoan palace. Columns were used by the Minoans to construct enormous open-plan areas, light wells, and religious rites.
Later Mycenaean culture carried on these traditions, notably in the megaron, or central hall, of their palaces. The usage of columns in heraldic designs, such as the renowned lion-gate of Mycenae, where two lions stand either side of a column, demonstrates the importance of columns and their relation to palaces and hence authority. These early columns have not survived since they were built of wood, but their stone bases have, and we can understand how they were used and arranged in these palace buildings by looking at them.
The Egyptians, Persians, and other civilizations mostly used columns to hold up the roof inside a building, preferring outside walls to be decorated with reliefs or painting, but the Ancient Greeks, followed by the Romans, loved to use them on the outside as well, and the extensive use of columns on the interior and exterior of buildings is one of the most distinguishing features of classical architecture, as seen in the Parthenon. The Greeks created the classical architectural orders, which may be identified by the shape of the column and its different parts. The Romans enlarged their Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders to include the Tuscan and Composite orders.
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