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December is the twelfth and last month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is also the last of seven months to last 31 days.

December, from the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry December takes its name from the Latin word decem (which means ten) because it was originally the tenth month of the year in the calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC which started in March. Winter days following December were not included in any month. Later, the months of January and February were created from the month-less period and added to the start of the calendar, but December has retained its name.

In ancient Rome, as one of the four Agonalia, this day in honor of the Sol Indiges took place on December 11, just like the Septimontium. Dies natalis (birthday) took place at the temple of Tellus on December 13, Consualia took place on December 15, Saturnalia took place from December 17 to 23, Opiconsivia took place on December 19, Divalia took place on December 21, Larentalia took place on December 23, and the dies natalis of Sol Invictus took place on December 25. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.

Anglo-Saxons called December-January “Ġēolamonaþ” (modern English: “Yule month”). The French republican calendar contained December in the months of Frimaire and Nivôse.

December contains the winter solstice in the Northern hemisphere, the day with the fewest hours of daylight, and the summer solstice in the Southern hemisphere, the day with the most hours of daylight (excluding the polar regions in both cases). December in the Northern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent of June in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. In the northern hemisphere, the start of the astronomical winter is traditionally December 21 or the date of the solstice.

The meteor showers that occurred in December are the Andromedids (September 25 – December 6, peaking around November 9), the Canis-Minorids (December 4 – December 15, peaking around December 10-11), the Coma Berenicids (December 12 on December 23, peaking around December 16), the Delta Cancrids (December 14 to February 14, the main shower from January 1 to January 24, peaking on January 17), the Geminids (December 13-14), the Monocerotids ( December 7 to December 20, peaking on December 9. This downpour can also start in November), Phenicides (from November 29 to December 9, with a peak around 5/6 December), Quadrantidae (generally a January downpour but can also start in December), Sigma Hydrids (from December 4 to 15) and Ursids (from December 17 to December 25 and 26, with a peak around December 22).

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