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Excavators are large construction machines with a boom, dipper, bucket, and cab mounted on a rotating platform called the “house.” The house is supported by a track or wheeled undercarriage. They’re a natural progression from steam shovels, and they’re commonly referred to as power shovels. Hydraulic fluid, hydraulic cylinders, and hydraulic motors are used to perform all of the movements and operations of a hydraulic excavator. Hydraulic cylinders function in a fundamentally different way from cable-operated excavators, which employ winches and steel ropes to achieve motions.

Excavators are sometimes known as diggers, JCBs (proprietary names for generic trademarks), mechanical shovels, or 360-degree excavators (sometimes abbreviated simply to “360”). By comparison with the backhoe, tracked excavators are also referred to as “trackhoes.” Wheeled excavators are sometimes referred to as “rubber ducks” in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Hydraulic excavators are available in a broad range of sizes nowadays. Mini or compact excavators are the smallest ones. For example, Caterpillar’s smallest mini-excavator weighs 2,060 pounds (930 kg) and has 13 horsepower; their largest model is the CAT 6090, which weighs in excess of 2,160,510 pounds (979,990 kg), has 4500 horsepower, and a bucket as large as 52.0 m3 (developed and produced by Orenstein & Koppel, Germany, until the takeover 2011 by Caterpillar, named »RH400«).

Rather of mechanical drivetrains, hydraulic excavators typically connect engine power to three hydraulic pumps. The arms, swing motor, track motors, and accessories are supplied by two high-pressure pumps (up to 5000 psi, 345 bar), while the third is a lower-pressure (700 psi, 48 bar) pump for pilot control of the spool valves; this third circuit allows for less physical effort while working the controls. In general, excavators use three pumps: two variable displacement piston pumps and a gear pump. Various manufacturers use different forms, hence the configuration of the pumps in the excavator unit varies.

The undercarriage, house, and arm are the three primary parts of an excavator (also boom is used). Tracks, track frame, and final drives comprise the undercarriage, with a hydraulic motor and gearing supplying drive to the individual tracks. A blade comparable to that of a bulldozer can be installed on the undercarriage.

The operator cab, counterweight, engine, fuel, and hydraulic oil tanks are all part of the house. By use of a central pin, the house is attached to the undercarriage. Through a hydraulic swivel at the axis of the pin, high-pressure oil is delivered to the tracks’ hydraulic motors, allowing the machine to slew 360° unimpeded and so give left-and-right movement.

Up-and-down and closer-and-further (or digging action) motions are performed by the arm. Boom, stick, and bucket are the most common components of an arm, with three joints connecting them to the home.

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