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A fiber-optic cable, also known as an optical fiber cable, is a cable that looks like an electrical wire but contains one or more optical fibers for light transmission. The optical fiber components are usually separately coated with plastic layers and housed in a protective tube that is appropriate for the cable’s usage environment. Long-distance communications, for example, or delivering a high-speed data link between various areas of a building, require different types of cable.

Because of the difference in refractive index between the core and the cladding layer, optical fiber is used for total internal reflection. A coating of acrylate polymer or polyimide is generally applied to the cladding in practical fibers. Although this coating protects the fiber from damage, it has no effect on its optical waveguide characteristics. To construct the cable core, a strong resin buffer layer or core tube(s) is extruded around individual coated fibers (or fibers arranged into ribbons or bundles). Depending on the application, many layers of protective wrapping are applied to create the cable. Light-absorbing (“dark”) glass is occasionally used between the fibers in rigid fiber assemblies to prevent light from leaking out of one fiber from entering another. In fiber bundle imaging applications, this decreases crosstalk between the fibers or flare.

For interior applications, the jacketed fiber is usually encased in a lightweight plastic shell, together with a bundle of flexible fibrous polymer strength components like aramid (e.g., Twaron or Kevlar). Each end of the cable can be terminated with a specific optical fiber connection to make connecting and disconnecting it from transmitting and receiving devices a breeze.

A considerably more durable cable structure is necessary for usage in more demanding situations. The fiber is placed helically into semi-rigid tubes in loose-tube construction, allowing the cable to extend without straining the fiber.

This shields the fiber from the strain caused by laying and temperature fluctuations. The fiber in loose-tube fiber can be either “dry block” or “gel-filled.” The dry block provides less fiber protection than gel-filled block, but it is significantly less expensive.

The fiber may be incorporated in a strong polymer jacket instead of a loose tube, which is known as “tight buffer” construction. Tight buffer cables are available for a number of purposes, although “Breakout” and “Distribution” are the most popular.

A ripcord, two non-conductive dielectric strengthening elements (usually glass rod epoxy), an aramid yarn, and 3 mm buffer tubing with an extra layer of Kevlar around each fiber are all standard components of breakout cables. The ripcord is a strong yarn cord that runs parallel to the cable jacket(s) and is used to remove the jacket(s). Each fiber in a distribution cable is surrounded by a 900-micrometer buffer coating, a ripcord, and an overall Kevlar wrapping. Additional steel strength elements are frequently bundled with these fiber units, again with a helical twist to allow for stretching.

Protecting the fiber from water damage is a major problem in outdoor cabling. This is achieved by encircling the fiber with physical barriers such as copper tubes and water-repellent jelly or water-absorbing powder.

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