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A refrigerator (colloquially fridge) consists of a heat-insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic, or chemical) that transfers heat from the inside to the outside so that the inside cools down to room temperature. Refrigeration is the main food storage method in developed countries. Lower temperatures reduce the rate of bacteria growth so that the refrigerator will reduce the rate of spoilage. The refrigerator is kept at a temperature several degrees above the freezing point of water. The optimum temperature range for perishable food is 3 to 5 ° C (37 to 41 ° F). Such a device that maintains the temperature below the freezing point of water is called a freezer. The refrigerator replaced the icebox, which had been a common household appliance for nearly a century and a half.

The earliest food refrigeration systems included ice. Artificial refrigeration began in the mid-1750s and developed in the early 1800s. In 1834, the first operating vapor compression cooling system was built. The first commercial ice maker was invented in 1854. In 1913, refrigerators for home use were invented. In 1923, Frigidaire introduced the first independent unit. The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s. Home freezers in the form of separate compartments (larger than needed only for ice cubes) were introduced in 1940. Previously considered a luxury item, frozen foods have become commonplace.

Freezers are used in households as well as in industry and commerce. Commercial refrigerators and freezers were almost 40 years earlier than conventional household models. The over-fridge freezer style had been a staple style since the 1940s, while modern side-by-side refrigerators broke that trend. The vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators, freezers, and freezers. Newer refrigerators may include automatic defrosting, chilled water, and ice from a dispenser in the door.

Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage come in different sizes. Among the smallest are Peltier refrigerators, designed for cooling drinks. A large home refrigerator as tall as a person can be about 1 m wide and have a capacity of 600 liters. Refrigerators and freezers can be freestanding or built into the kitchen. The refrigerator keeps food fresh for longer in a modern home than ever before. Freezers allow people to buy groceries in bulk and eat in their spare time, while bulk purchases save money.

Before the invention of the refrigerator, icehouses were used to store cold for most of the year. Located near freshwater lakes or covered with snow and ice in winter, they were once very common. Natural remedies are still used for cool food.

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