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The number of times a recurring event occurs per unit of time is known as frequency. It’s also referred to as temporal frequency to distinguish it from spatial frequency and ordinary frequency to distinguish it from angular frequency. The unit of frequency is hertz (Hz), which equals one occurrence per second. The period is the reciprocal of the frequency since it represents the length of one cycle in a recurring occurrence. For instance, if a newborn baby’s heartbeats 120 times per minute (2 hertz), the period, T (the time gap between beats), is half a second (60 seconds divided by 120 beats). Frequency is a key characteristic in science and engineering that describes the rate at which oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, including mechanical vibrations, sound, radio waves, and light, occur.

The term frequency is defined as the number of cycles or vibrations per unit of time for cyclical phenomena such as oscillations, waves, or simple harmonic motion examples. Frequency is usually represented by the letter f. However, it may alternatively be represented by the Greek character nu (nu). The period display style TT is the amount of time it takes for an oscillation to complete one cycle.

The term temporal frequency emphasizes that frequency is defined by the number of occurrences of a recurring event per unit time rather than unit distance.

The hertz (Hz) is an SI-derived unit of frequency that was named after German physicist Heinrich Hertz in 1930 by the International Electrotechnical Commission. The CGPM (Conférence générale des poids et mesures) formally accepted it in 1960, replacing the old designation “cycles per second” (cps). The second is the SI unit for the period, as it is for all time measurements. Revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm, is a conventional unit of measure for spinning mechanical equipment. One hertz equals 60 rotations per minute.

Visible light is an electromagnetic wave that travels across space and is made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. The color of a wave is determined by its frequency: Red light is 400 THz (41014 Hz), violet light is 800 THz (81014 Hz), and all other hues of the visible spectrum are between these two frequencies (400–800 THz). Infrared (IR) radiation is an electromagnetic wave with a frequency less than 41014 Hz that is invisible to the naked eye. The wave is known as a microwave at lower frequencies and a radio wave at even lower frequencies. Similarly, an electromagnetic wave with a frequency greater than 81014 Hz is invisible to the naked eye; these waves are known as ultraviolet (UV) radiation. X-rays are many higher-frequency waves, and gamma rays are even higher.

From the lowest-frequency radio waves to the highest-frequency gamma rays, all of these waves are basically the same and are referred to as electromagnetic radiation. They all move at the same speed (the speed of light) in a vacuum, giving them wavelengths that are inversely proportional to their frequencies.

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