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Furniture is a term used to describe moveable things that are used to assist human activities including seating, dining (tables), and sleeping. Furniture can also be used to store items or to keep objects at a comfortable height for work (as horizontal surfaces above the ground, such as tables and desks) (e.g., cupboards and shelves). Furniture is a type of ornamental art and can be a result of design. Furniture can serve a symbolic or religious purpose in addition to its practical duty. Metal, plastic, and wood are among the materials that may be used to create it. Furniture may be created with a number of woodworking joints, many of which are culturally relevant.

Natural things such as tree stumps, boulders, and moss have been used as furniture since the dawn of civilisation and are being used in some households/campsites today. Archaeological evidence suggests that people began to manufacture and carve their own furniture approximately 30,000 years ago, utilizing wood, stone, and animal bones. Early furniture from this time period can be identified by artwork such as a Venus figure discovered in Russia, which depicts the goddess on a throne. The first surviving existing furniture may be found in the dwellings of Skara Brae in Scotland, and it consists of stone closets, dressers, and beds. Joinery and other complex building techniques first appeared in ancient Egypt during the early dynasty period. Constructed wooden furniture, such as stools and tables, were popular throughout this time period, and they were often embellished with precious metals or ivory. The evolution of furniture design continued in ancient Greece and Rome, with thrones and klinai, multifunctional sofas used for lounging, eating, and sleeping, becoming ubiquitous. Heavy, oak, and ornate furniture was common throughout the Middle Ages. During the Italian Renaissance in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, furniture design flourished. In both Southern and Northern Europe, the seventeenth century was marked by sumptuous, sometimes gilded Baroque decorations. Revival styles are commonly associated with the nineteenth century. The first three-quarters of the twentieth century are frequently seen as the beginning of the Modernist movement. A return to natural forms and textures is a distinctive post-modern furniture design outcome.

The use of natural things as primitive furniture is said to stretch back to the dawn of human civilisation. Tree stumps were likely utilized as chairs, boulders as basic tables, and mossy spots for resting by early people. People began building and carving their own furniture some 30,000 years ago, during the late palaeolithic or early neolithic period, utilizing wood, stone, and animal bones. A Venus figure discovered at the Gagarino site in Russia portrays the goddess in a seated position on a throne, which is the oldest evidence for the presence of manufactured furniture. A sitting lady statue dated from between 6000 and 5500 BCE was discovered in Catal Huyuk, Turkey. The presence of such a seat in the figurines suggests that they were already commonplace at the time.

Skara Brae, a Neolithic hamlet in Orkney, Scotland, has unearthed a variety of remarkable stone furniture. The site dates from 3100 to 2500 BCE, and the people of Skara Brae were compelled to construct with stone owing to a lack of timber in Orkney. Stone was a widely accessible resource that could be quickly processed and made into household objects. Each home has a high level of sophistication and is furnished with a wide range of stone furniture, including cabinets, dressers, and beds, as well as shelves, stone benches, and limpet tanks. The stone dresser was regarded as the most significant since it symbolically faces each house’s entry and is therefore the first thing seen when entering, perhaps exhibiting symbolic artifacts, including ornamental artwork, such as many Neolithic carved stone balls also discovered at the site.

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