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A video card (also called a graphics card, display card, graphics adapter, or display adapter) is an expansion card that generates a feed of output images for a display device (such as a computer monitor). They are often advertised as discrete or dedicated graphics cards, highlighting the difference between them and integrated graphics. Both are based on the graphics processing unit (GPU), which is the main part that does the actual computation, but should not be confused with the graphics card in general, although “GPU” is often used as a metonymic shorthand to refer to video cards.

Most video cards are not limited to simple display output. Their built-in GPU can do additional processing by taking this task off the computer’s CPU. For example, cards made by Nvidia and AMD (before ATI) include the OpenGL and DirectX graphics pipeline at the hardware level. In the late 2010s, there has also been a tendency to use the computing capabilities of the GPU to solve non-graphical tasks, which could be done using OpenCL and CUDA. Graphics cards can also be used for AI training.

A graphics card is usually made in the form of a printed circuit board (expansion board) and is inserted into an expansion slot, universal or specialized (AGP, PCI Express). Some of them are made using dedicated enclosures that connect to the computer via a docking station or cable. They are known as eGPUs.

Standards such as MDA, CGA, HGC, Tandy, PGC, EGA, VGA, MCGA, 8514, or XGA were introduced from 1982 to 1990 and are supported by various hardware manufacturers.

3dfx Interactive was one of the first companies to develop a 3D accelerated GPU (with the Voodoo series) and the first to develop a graphical chipset designed for 3D but no 2D support (so a 2D card was required to work).Now most of the modern video cards are built on AMD-sourced or Nvidia-sourced graphics chips. Until 2000, 3dfx Interactive was also an important and often revolutionary manufacturer. Most video cards offer various features such as accelerated rendering of 3D scenes and 2D graphics, MPEG-2 / MPEG-4 decoding, TV-out, or the ability to connect multiple monitors (multi-monitor). Graphics cards also have sound card capabilities for audio output – along with video for connected TVs or monitors with integrated speakers.

In the industry, video cards are sometimes referred to as graphics add-in-boards, abbreviated as AIB, and the word “graphics” is usually omitted. As an alternative to using a video card, video hardware can be integrated into the motherboard, processor, or chip system. Both approaches can be called integrated graphics.

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