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In primates such as humans, chimps, monkeys, and lemurs, a hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered appendage situated at the end of the forearm or forelimb. Other animals with “hands” instead of paws on their front limbs include the koala (which has two opposable thumbs on each “hand” and fingerprints that are remarkably similar to human fingerprints). The raccoon is sometimes regarded as having “hands,” despite the absence of opposable thumbs.

Some evolutionary anatomists interpret the term “hand” to refer to the appendage of fingers on the forelimb more broadly ” for example, whether the three digits of the avian hand resulted from the same homologous loss of two digits as the dinosaur hand.

The human hand usually contains five digits: four fingers and one thumb; nevertheless, the thumb is commonly included as one of the fingers when the hand is referred to as five fingers. There are 27 bones in all, not including the sesamoid bone, and 14 of these are the phalanges (proximal, intermediate, and distal) of the fingers and thumb. The metacarpal bones link the fingers to the wrist’s carpal bones. Five metacarpals and eight carpal bones make up a human hand.

The richest source of tactile feedback is found in the fingers, which contain some of the body’s densest regions of nerve endings. They also have the body’s greatest positioning capability; as a result, the sensation of touch is inextricably linked to hands. The opposite brain hemisphere controls each hand, just like other paired organs (eyes, feet, legs), thus handedness”the preferred hand for single-handed activities like writing with a pencil”reflects individual brain functioning.

The hands play an essential role in body language and sign language in humans. Similarly, number systems and calculating procedures have evolved from the 10 digits of two hands and the twelve phalanges of four fingers (touchable by the thumb).

Many mammals and other creatures have gripping appendages that look like hands, such as paws, claws, and talons, however these aren’t considered grasping hands by scientists. An example of anthropomorphism is the scientific usage of the term hand to identify the front paws’ terminations from the rear ones. The mammalian group of primates has the only genuine gripping hands. As stated later in the book, hands must also have opposable thumbs.

Each arm’s distal end is where the hand is placed. Apes and monkeys are frequently said to have four hands because their toes are long and their hallux is opposable and resembles a thumb, allowing them to use their feet as hands.

When studying the homology between the three digits of the avian hand and the dinosaur hand, evolutionary anatomists frequently use the term “hand” to refer to the appendage of digits on the forelimb.

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