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Japan is an East Asian island country in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south, and is bounded on the west by the Sea of Japan. Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa are the five main islands that make up Japan’s Ring of Fire archipelago, which covers 377,975 square kilometers (145,937 square miles). Tokyo is Japan’s capital and largest city, with Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto rounding out the top ten.

Japan is the world’s tenth most populous country and one of the world’s most densely inhabited and urbanized. The country’s geography is hilly for about three-quarters of the way, squeezing the country’s 125.36 million people on narrow coastal plains. There are 47 administrative prefectures and eight traditional regions in Japan. With almost 37.4 million inhabitants, the Greater Tokyo Region is the world’s most populated metropolitan area.

Japan has been inhabited since the Upper Paleolithic period (30,000 BC), but the first documented mention of the archipelago is from the 2nd century AD in a Chinese chronicle. The kingdoms of Japan were united under an emperor and the imperial court in Heian-ky between the 4th and 9th century. Political control was held by a series of military dictators (shgun) and feudal lords (daimy) beginning in the 12th century, and enforced by a class of warrior nobles (samurai). The kingdom was reunified in 1603 under the Tokugawa shogunate, which pursued an isolationist foreign policy after a century of civil conflict. A US navy compelled Japan to open commerce with the West in 1854, resulting in the shogunate’s demise and the restoration of imperial rule in 1868. During the Meiji period, Japan’s Empire adopted a Western-style constitution and embarked on an industrialization and modernization program.

Japan invaded China in 1937, and as an Axis power, it entered World War II in 1941. Japan surrendered in 1945 after suffering defeat in the Pacific War and two atomic bombs, and was occupied by the Allies for seven years, during which time it enacted a new constitution. Japan has retained a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature, the National Diet, since the 1947 constitution.

Japan is a major power that belongs to a number of international organizations, including the United Nations (since 1956), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Group of Seven. Despite having given up the ability to declare war, the country retains one of the world’s most powerful military, the Self-Defense Forces. After WWII, Japan witnessed unprecedented economic expansion, eventually becoming the world’s second-largest economy by 1990. The country’s economy is the third-largest in nominal GDP and the fourth-largest in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) as of 2021. Japan has made substantial contributions to science and technology as a worldwide leader in the automobile and electronics sectors. Japan, which is ranked “extremely high” on the Human Development Index, has one of the greatest life expectancies in the world, despite population reduction. Japan’s culture, including its art, food, music, and popular culture, which includes strong comic, animation, and video game industries, is well-known across the world.

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