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Jews are members of an ethnoreligious community and a country descended from ancient Israel and Judah’s Israelites and Hebrews. Jewish ethnicity, nationhood, and religion are all intertwined since Judaism is the Jewish people’s ethnic religion, but its practice varies from rigorous to none.

During the second millennium BCE, in the portion of the Levant known as the Land of Israel, Jews emerged as an ethnic and religious community in the Middle East. The Merneptah Stele, which dates from the 13th century BCE, purports to indicate the presence of an Israelite population somewhere in Canaan (Late Bronze Age). With the establishment of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, the Israelites solidified their control as an extension of the Canaanite people. Some believe that the Canaanite sedentary Israelites mixed with the invading nomadic ‘Hebrews.’

The experience of diaspora life, from Babylonian captivity and exile to Roman occupation and exile, and the historical relations between Jews and their homeland thereafter, became a major feature of Jewish history, identity, and memory, despite the fact that few sources mention the exilic periods in detail.

According to where their ancestors landed, Jewish diaspora groups consolidated into three major ethnic groupings during the millennia that followed: Ashkenazim (Central and Eastern Europe), Sephardim (originally in the Iberian Peninsula), and Mizrahim (in the Middle East) (Middle East and North Africa).

Prior to World War II, the global Jewish population peaked at 16.7 million, accounting for around 0.7 percent of the world’s population. During the Holocaust, about 6 million Jews were killed in a methodical manner. Since then, the population has slowly increased, with the Berman Jewish DataBank estimating the number at 14.6–17.8 million in 2018, accounting for less than 0.2 percent of the global population.

Israel is the only country in the world where Jews make up the majority of the population. In the Basic Laws, Human Dignity and Liberty in particular, which are founded on the Declaration of Independence, it identifies itself as a Jewish and democratic state. Jews who declare a wish to live in Israel are granted citizenship under Israel’s Law of Return.

Despite their small percentage of the world’s population, Jews have had a significant impact on and contributed to human progress in many fields, including philosophy, ethics, literature, politics, business, fine arts and architecture, music, theatre and cinema, medicine, science and technology, and religion.

Jews authored the Bible, founded Early Chronology, and influenced and contributed to human progress in many fields, both historically and in modern times, including philosophy, ethics, literature, politics, business, fine arts and architecture, music, theatre and cinema.

Jews have also contributed significantly to the formation of Western civilization in several ways.

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