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The microcontroller is a special type of microprocessor and it integrates the components of the microprocessor in a single chip which builds a single integrated circuit, it contains the core of the processor, the input/output device and these microcontrollers need the devices to collect the input data. The microcontroller can generally be classified into three types as an 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit microcontroller.

The 8-bit microcontroller consists of internal buses and ALUs. The ALU is an arithmetic and logical unit. It performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction and logical operations like AND, OR gate operations. The microcontroller generally contains several numbers of general purpose input/output pins. Therefore, when the general purpose I/O pins refer to an input state, they read the sensors and when configured to produce a stage. The pins can drive devices in the form of LEDs. The microcontroller architectures have certain designs, including a general purpose processor with more RAM, ROM or I/O functions.

Interrupts:

The interrupt used in the microcontroller is used to wake the device from a low power standby mode and these sources of interruption depend on the device.

Programming:

In general, many microcontrollers were programmed only in assembly language, but nowadays, various high-level programming languages ​​can also be used for programming the microcontroller. Consequently, the programs of the microcontroller must be adapted to the program memory available on a chip and the memory can be a read-only memory or a read-only flash memory. In the microcontroller to convert high level and assembler language codes to machine language, assemblers and compilers are used.

Characteristics:

1. The microcontroller generally includes a processor, ROM, RAM and timers.
2. A microcontroller is independent and autonomous.
3. It is designed for a specific task of controlling the particular system.
4. It is generally designed using CMOS.

Applications of the Microcontroller:

1. Blood cell recorder cum analyzer, ECG display cum recorder and patient monitoring system.
2. Certain communication systems such as cell phones, cable TV and fax machines.
3. Computer peripherals such as LAN controller, DRAM controller, laser printer controller.
4. It is also used in automotive applications like braking system and dynamic driving control
5. CRT display controller, spectrum analyzer, frequency analyzer and so on.

The microcontroller therefore contains its own clock, parallel ports, peripheral functions and above all it contains its own memory. In the PIC microcontroller, it contains both the RAM memory to store only the data and the flash memory where the instructions are stored. In addition, it also contains different types of instruction set and serial communication functions.

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