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A cellular network, also known as a mobile network, is a communication system in which the connectivity between end nodes is wireless. The network is divided into “cells,” each of which is serviced by at least one fixed-location transceiver (typically three cell sites or base transceiver stations). These base stations offer network coverage to the cell, which may be utilized for voice, data, and other forms of content delivery. To minimize interference and ensure assured service quality inside each cell, each cell generally utilizes a distinct range of frequencies than nearby cells.

When these cells are linked together, they offer radio coverage across a large geographic region. This allows a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, and laptops with mobile broadband modems, pagers, and so on) to communicate with each other as well as fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through multiple cells during transmission.

The following are some of the advantages of cellular networks:

Since the same frequency may be utilized for many lines as long as they are in separate cells, it has more capacity than a single big transmitter.

Although cell towers are closer together, mobile devices require less power than a single transmitter or satellite.

Additional cell towers may be added endlessly and are not restricted by the horizon, providing a larger coverage area than a single terrestrial transmitter.

Voice and data cellular networks have been implemented by major telecommunications carriers over the majority of the world’s populated geographical area. This enables mobile phones and mobile computing devices to connect to the public switched telephone network and have access to the Internet. Private cellular networks can be utilized for research as well as big companies and fleets, such as dispatch for local police departments or a taxicab firm.

A land area to be served with radio service is split into cells in a pattern based on topographical and reception characteristics in a cellular radio system. Although hexagonal cells are the most common, these cell patterns are generally in the shape of regular forms such as hexagons, squares, or circles. Multiple frequencies (f1–f6) have been given to each of these cells, with matching radio base stations. The set of frequencies can be repeated in other cells as long as they are not reused in adjacent cells, as this would result in co-channel interference.

The mobile communication switching system developed by Amos Joel of Bell Labs allowed multiple callers in a given area to use the same frequency by switching calls to the nearest available cellular tower having that frequency available, resulting in increased capacity in a cellular network compared to a network with a single transmitter. Because a given radio frequency may be utilized in a different region for an unrelated message, this method is practical. A single transmitter, on the other hand, can only handle one broadcast per frequency. There will invariably be some interference from the signals of other cells that utilize the same frequency. As a result, in a typical frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) system, there must be at least one cell gap between cells that repeat the same frequency.

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