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Neon lighting consists of electrified glass tubes or bulbs that flash vividly and contain rarefied neon or other gases. Cold cathode gas-discharge lights, such as neon lights, are a form of cold cathode gas-discharge light. A neon tube is a sealed glass tube with a metal electrode at either end that is filled at low pressure with one of many gases. The gas in the tube is ionized by a high potential of several thousand volts given to the electrodes, causing it to produce colorful light.

The gas in the tube determines the hue of the light. Neon lights are called after neon, a noble gas that emits a bright orange light, but other gases and chemicals, such as hydrogen (red), helium (yellow), carbon dioxide (white), and mercury, are employed to generate various colors (blue). Neon tubes may be shaped into letters or images in a variety of creative forms. Neon signs, which were popular from the 1920s to the 1960s and again in the 1980s, are mostly made using them.

The phrase can also refer to the mini neon glow lamp, which was created in 1917, around seven years after neon tube lighting became popular. While neon tube lights are generally meters long, neon lamps can be as short as one centimeter and provide a considerably bluer glow than tube lights. They’re still used as tiny warning lights. Throughout the 1970s, neon glow lamps were widely employed in electronics as numerical displays, tiny ornamental lamps, and signal processing devices. While these lights are now considered antiques, the neon glow lamp’s technology is still used in modern plasma screens and televisions.

The British physicists William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers discovered neon in 1898. They investigated the characteristics of pure neon obtained from the environment using a “electrical gas-discharge” tube similar to the tubes used for neon signs today. At the Paris Motor Show, December 3–18, 1910, a French engineer and inventor, Georges Claude, demonstrated neon tube illumination in basically its contemporary form.

Claude, dubbed “France’s Edison,” had a near-monopoly on the new technology, which became popular for signs and displays between 1920 and 1940. In the United States at the time, neon lighting was a major cultural phenomenon; by 1940, virtually every city’s downtown was lit up with neon signs, and Times Square in New York City was famous for its neon extravagances. There were 2000 neon sign design and manufacturing businesses around the country.

Following World War II (1939–1945), the popularity, complexity, and size of neon signs for advertising dropped in the United States, although development proceeded apace in Japan, Iran, and a few other nations. Architects and artists, as well as sign designers, have reintroduced neon tube lighting as a component in their works in recent decades.

Fluorescent lighting, which emerged around 25 years after neon tube lighting, is closely connected to neon lighting. The light generated by rarefied gases within a tube is utilized solely to stimulate fluorescent materials that coat the tube, which subsequently shine with their own colors, resulting in the tube’s apparent, generally white glow. Fluorescent coatings and glasses are also available for neon tube illumination, although they are typically chosen for their vibrant hues.

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