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A tablet is a solid unit dosage form or oral dosage form used in pharmaceuticals. Tablets may be described as a solid unit dosage form of a medication or a combination of medicines with appropriate excipients. It is made up of a powdered combination of active ingredients and excipients that is pressed or compressed into a solid dosage.

Compression or molding are used to create tablets. Diluents, binders or granulating agents, glidants (flow aids), and lubricants to ensure efficient tabletting; disintegrants to promote tablet break-up in the digestive tract; sweeteners or flavors to enhance taste; and pigments to make the tablets aesthetically attractive or aid in visual identification of an unknown tablet are examples of excipients.

A polymer coating is frequently used to make tablets smoother and easier to swallow, to manage the active ingredient’s release rate, to make them more resistant to the environment (thereby increasing their shelf life), or to improve their look.

Medicinal tablets were once created in the shape of a disk in whatever color their components dictated, but they are now available in a variety of forms and colors to aid distinguish between various medications. Symbols, characters, and numerals are frequently imprinted on tablets, allowing them to be identified. The size of swallowable pills varies from a few millimetres to nearly a centimetre.

Today’s most prevalent dose form is the compressed tablet. Solid dosage forms account for almost two-thirds of all prescriptions, with compressed tablets accounting for half of them. A tablet can be designed to give a precise dose to a specific location; it is often taken orally, but it can also be delivered sublingually, buccally, rectally, or intravaginally. Oral drugs can come in a variety of formats, including syrups, elixirs, suspensions, and emulsions, in addition to tablets.

Pills are believed to have been invented around 1500 BC. Earlier medicinal recipes, such as those dating back to 4000 BC, were for liquid rather than solid formulations. Pills were originally mentioned in ancient Egypt on papyruses, and they were made of bread dough, honey, or grease. Medicinal substances, such as plant powders or spices, were combined together and shaped into little balls or tablets by hand.

Such remedies were known as katapotia (“something to be taken”) in ancient Greece, and the Roman scholar Pliny, who lived from 23 to 79 AD, gave the name pilula to what we now call pills.

Pills have always been difficult to take, and efforts to make them simpler to swallow have been made for a long time. People used to coat tablets with slippery plant compounds in the Middle Ages.

Another method, which was utilized as recently as the 19th century, was to gild them in gold and silver, albeit this often resulted in their passing through the digestive tract unnoticed. Sugar-coating and gelatin-coating, as well as gelatin capsules, were created in the 1800s.

William Brockedon, a British painter and inventor, was given a patent in 1843 for a machine that could “Shaping Pills, Lozenges, and Black Lead by Pressure in Dies.” Without the use of an adhesive, the device was capable of compressing powder into a tablet.

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