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Pollution is the introduction of pollutants into the natural environment that cause adverse changes. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Contaminants that make up pollution can be both foreign substances/energy sources and natural pollutants. Pollution is often classified as a point source or nonpoint source pollution. In 2015, pollution killed 9 million people worldwide.

The main forms of pollution include: air pollution, light pollution, waste, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil pollution, radioactive pollution, thermal pollution, visual pollution, water pollution.

Air pollution has always accompanied civilization. Pollution dates back to prehistoric times when man created the first fires. According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, “soot” found on the ceilings of prehistoric caves is sufficient evidence of high levels of pollution associated with inadequate ventilation of open flames. Forging metals appears to be a key turning point in creating significant levels of outdoor air pollution. Major glacier samples in Greenland show increased pollution associated with metal production in Greece, Rome and China.

The burning of coal and firewood, as well as the presence of large numbers of horses in concentrated areas, have made cities major sources of pollution. The Industrial Revolution left untreated chemicals and waste in local waterways. King Edward I of England banned the burning of coal, announcing it in London in 1272, after its smoke became a problem; from some shores it could be transported by cart.

The Industrial Revolution led to environmental pollution as we know it today. London also had one of the earliest extreme cases of water quality problems associated with the stench of the Great Thames in 1858, leading to the construction of a London sewer shortly thereafter. Pollution problems are exacerbated by the fact that population growth far exceeds the ability of neighborhoods to deal with their waste problems. The reformers began to demand sewage systems and clean water.

In 1870, the renovation in Berlin was one of the worst in Europe. August Bebel remembered the conditions before the construction of a modern sewer system in the late 1970s: sewage from houses collected in gutters along the curbs and gave off a really frightening smell. There were no public toilets in the streets and squares. Visitors, especially women, are often desperate when invited by nature. In public buildings, bathrooms were incredibly primitive … How the Berlin metropolis emerged from the state of barbarism in civilization only after 1870 ”.

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