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A solid state drive (SSD) is a solid state storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies to persistently store data, generally using flash memory, and functions as secondary memory in a computer storage hierarchy. It is also sometimes referred to as solid-state device or a solid-state disk, although solid state drives do not have the physical spinning drives and movable read/write heads used in hard disk drives (“HDDs”) or floppy disks.

Compared to electromechanical drives, solid-state drives are generally more resistant to physical shock, run quietly, have faster access times and lower latency. SSDs store data in semiconductor cells. By 2019, cells can contain 1 to 4 bits of data. SSD storage devices vary in their properties based on the number of bits stored in each cell, with single bit cells (“SLCs”) generally being the most reliable, durable, fast, and expensive types compared to 2 and 3 bit cells (“MLC” and “TLC”) and finally quad-bit cells (“QLC”) are used for consumer devices that do not require such extreme properties and are the cheapest of the four. In addition, 3D XPoint memory (sold by Intel under the Optane brand) stores data by altering the electrical resistance of cells rather than storing electrical charges in cells, and SSDs made from RAM can be used for high speed, when data consistency after power outage is not required or can use battery power to store data when its normal power supply is not available. Hybrid drives or solid-state hybrid (SSHDs), such as Apple’s Fusion Drive, combine the features of an SSD and an HDD on a single drive, using both flash memory and hard drives to improve the performance of frequently accessed data.

Although the price of solid state drives continues to decline over time, solid state drives (from 2020) still cost more per storage unit than HDD’s hard drives and are expected to remain so for the next decade.

NAND Flash SSDs will gradually drain over time if left unpowered for a long time. This causes worn-out disks (which have exceeded their endurance rating) begin to lose data, typically after a year (when stored at 30°C) to two years (at 25°C) during storage; new devices take longer. Therefore, solid state drives are not suitable for archival storage. 3D XPoint is a possible exception to this rule, but it is a relatively new technology with unknown characteristics for long-term data storage.

Solid state drives can use traditional hard disk drive (HDD) interfaces and form factors, or newer interfaces and form factors that take advantage of the specific flash memory in solid state drives. Traditional interfaces (such as SATA and SAS) and standard HDD allow these SSDs to be used as drop-in replacements HDD in computers and other devices.

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