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A stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface, material, or environment on which it is located. They are caused by the chemical or physical interaction of two different materials. Staining is used for biochemical research, metal staining, and art (e.g., wood staining, stained glass).

There may be intentional stains (e.g., wood or paint stains), indicative stains (e.g., food coloring or the addition of a substance that makes bacteria visible under a microscope) natural stains (e.g., rust on iron or patina). bronze) and occasional stains such as ketchup on the shirt.

Different types of materials can be stained by different substances, and stain resistance is an important characteristic of modern textile technology.

The main staining method is surface staining, in which the staining substance is spilled onto a surface or material and trapped in fibers, pores, depressions, or other capillary structures on the surface. The captured material covers the base material, and the spot reflects backlighting to match its color. This nature includes stains from paint, spilled food, and wood.

The secondary method of stain involves a chemical or molecular reaction between a material and the staining material. Many types of natural stains fall into this category.

Finally, there may be a molecular attraction between the material and the staining material held by the covalent bond and indicates the color of the bond substance.

In many cases, the spots are exposed to heat and can become reactive enough to adhere to the base material. Extreme heat, such as ironing or dry cleaning, can cause a chemical reaction on the stain to be removed; otherwise, turning it into a chemical that cannot be removed.

There are various washing methods that try to remove or minimize existing stains, and stain removers are an important type of chemical in detergents. There are also separate stain removers. If the wrong technique is used to remove stains or stain mark from clothing, it can cause permanent damage to the clothing.

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