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Thailand, once known as Siam and now known as the Kingdom of Thailand, is a Southeast Asian country. With a population of over 66 million people, it is located in the center of the Indochinese Peninsula, encompassing 513,120 square kilometers (198,120 square miles). Thailand is surrounded on the north by Myanmar and Laos, on the east by Laos and Cambodia, on the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and on the west by the Andaman Sea and Myanmar’s southernmost tip. It also has marine boundaries with Vietnam to the southeast in the Gulf of Thailand and Indonesia and India to the southwest in the Andaman Sea. Bangkok is the capital and largest city in Thailand. Thailand is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy on paper; yet, it has had several coups and periods of military dictatorship throughout recent history.

Tai peoples began migrating from southern China to mainland Southeast Asia in the 11th century, with the exonym Siamese making the first documented reference of their existence in the region in the 12th century. The region was governed by several Indianized kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms, the Khmer Empire, and Malay states, which competed with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang, Sukhothai, Lan Na, and Ayutthaya. A Portuguese diplomatic expedition to Ayutthaya, which established a regional power by the end of the 15th century, initiated documented European interaction in 1511. During the reign of cosmopolitan Narai, Ayutthaya reached its pinnacle, then steadily declined until it was destroyed in the 1767 Burmese–Siamese War. Taksin rapidly reunified the divided area and founded the Thonburi Kingdom, which lasted just a few years. Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke, the first monarch of the present Chakri dynasty, succeeded him in 1782.

During the period of Western imperialism in Asia, Siam was the only country in the area to avoid being colonized by foreign powers, despite being compelled to cede territory and economic concessions in unequal treaties. During Chulalongkorn’s reign, the Siamese government was consolidated and converted into a modern unitary absolute monarchy. Siam allied with the allies in World War I, a political decision to change the unequal treaties. It became a constitutional monarchy and changed its formal name to Thailand after a bloodless revolution in 1932. During World War II, it was a satellite of Japan. A military revolution led by Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat in the late 1950s restored the monarchy’s traditionally prominent position in politics. Thailand became a key ally of the United States, and as a member of the SEATO, which failed to prevent further communist victories in Southeast Asia, it played an anti-communist role in the area. Thailand has alternated between democracy and military dictatorship since the mid-1970s, with the exception of a brief period of parliamentary democracy in the mid-1970s. It has been embroiled in a severe political feud between supporters and opponents of Thaksin Shinawatra throughout the 2000s, culminating in two coups, the most recent in 2014 and the establishment of the country’s current and 20th constitutions, as well as the ongoing Thai demonstrations in 2020.

Thailand is a global middle power and a founding member of ASEAN, with a high Human Development Index score. It has Southeast Asia’s second-largest economy and the world’s 20th-largest economy by PPP. Thailand’s economy is characterized as recently industrialized, with industry, agriculture, and tourism as the most important industries.

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