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An arrow is a fin-stabilized projectile that is launched via a bow and usually consists of a long, straight, hard shaft with stabilizers called fletchings, as well as a heavy (and usually sharp and pointed) arrowhead attached to the front end, and a slot on the rear end called nock to engage the bowstring. The use of bows and arrows by people precedes recorded history and is common to most cultures. The craftsman who makes arrows is a fletcher, and the one who makes arrows is an arrowsmith.

The oldest evidence of stone-tipped projectiles that may or may not have been promoted by a bow (c.f. atlatl) dated c. 64,000 years ago were found in Sibudu Cave, currently in South Africa. The oldest evidence of the use of bows for arrow shooting dates back about 10,000 years ago; it is based on pine arrows found in the Ahrensburg valley north of Hamburg. They had small grooves on the base, indicating that they were shot from a bow. The oldest bow found to date is about 8,000 years old, was found in the Holmegard swamp in Denmark. It appears that archery came to America with the arctic tradition of small guns about 4,500 years ago.

The sizes of the arrows vary greatly in different cultures – from eighteen to six feet (45 to 150 cm). However, most modern arrows have a length of 75 cm (30 inches) to 96 cm (38 inches); most battle arrows from an English ship that sank in 1545 were 76 cm (30 inches). Very short arrows were used, shot through a guide attached either to the bow (“overdraw”) or to the archer’s wrist (Turkish “siper”). They can fly farther than heavier arrows, and an adversary without suitable equipment may not be able to return them.

The shaft is the main structural element of the arrow to which other components are attached. Traditional arrow shafts are made of strong and light wood, bamboo or reed, while modern shafts can be made of aluminum, carbon fiber or a combination of materials. Such shafts are usually made of an aluminum core wrapped in an outer portion of carbon fiber. Traditional premium material is Orford Cedar Port.

The stiffness of the shaft is known as its spine, referring to how little the shaft bends during compression, therefore, it is said that the arrow, which bends less, has more spine. In order to strike consistently, a group of arrows must be similar. “Center-shot” bows, in which the arrow passes through the central vertical axis of the bow riser, can give consistent results from arrows with a wide range of spines.

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