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Water heating is a heat transfer procedure that raises the temperature of water above its original temperature using an energy source. Cooking, cleaning, bathing, and space heating are all common uses of hot water in the home. Hot water and steam have several applications in business.

Water is heated in vessels called as water heaters, kettles, cauldrons, pots, or coppers in the home. These metal pots, which heat a batch of water, do not provide a constant supply of heated water at a predetermined temperature. Natural hot springs are the most common source of hot water. The temperature changes with the rate of consumption, getting colder as the rate rises.

Water heaters, hot water heaters, hot water tanks, boilers, heat exchangers, geysers (Southern Africa only), and calorifiers are all appliances that deliver a constant supply of hot water. These names vary by area, as well as whether they heat potable or non-potable water, whether they are used in the home or in industry, and their energy source. Household hot water refers to potable water heated for purposes other than space heating in domestic systems (DHW).

For heating water, fossil fuels (natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil) or solid fuels are often employed. These can be eaten directly or used to generate power, which then warms water. Electricity for heating water can originate from a variety of sources, including nuclear power and renewable energy. Alternative energy sources such as solar energy, heat pumps, hot water heat recycling, and geothermal heating can all be used to heat water, and are frequently used in conjunction with fossil-fuel or electricity-powered backup systems.

Some nations supply district heating of hot water in densely populated metropolitan areas. In Scandinavia, Finland, and Poland, this is especially true. From combined heat and power (CHP) plants, waste heat from industries, incinerators, geothermal heating, and central solar heating, district heating systems provide energy for water heating and space heating. The actual heating of tap water takes place in heat exchangers on the premises of the users. Due to the projected high availability of district heating systems, most consumers do not have an in-building backup system.

Domestic hot water is most typically heated in houses in the United States nowadays using natural gas, electric resistance, or a heat pump. Electric heat pump water heaters are more efficient than electric resistance water heaters, but they are also more costly to buy. Some energy providers provide financial assistance to their customers to help defray the higher initial costs of energy efficient water heaters.

The tank type, often known as storage water heaters, is used in most North American and Southern Asian homes and businesses. These are made out of a cylindrical jar or container that keeps water hot and ready to use at all times. 75″400 L (20″100 US gallons) are typical sizes for domestic use. Electricity, natural gas, propane, heating oil, sunlight, and other energy sources may be used. Natural gas heaters are the most popular in the United States and most European nations since the gas is often piped across cities and towns and is now the most cost-effective. Natural gas water heaters in the United States are typically 150″190 L (40″50 US gal) with a burner rated at 10.0″11.7 kilowatts (34,000″40,000 BTU/h) for families with no special demands.

When larger flow rates are necessary for a short period of time, this is a common configuration. Water is heated in a pressure vessel that can resist hydrostatic pressures similar to those seen in the mains supply. A pressure reduction valve is occasionally used to keep the pressure in the vessel at a safe level. These containers are known as hot water tanks in North America, and they can include an electrical resistance heater, a heat pump, or a gas or oil burner that warms water directly.

Domestic hot water cylinders are normally heated indirectly by primary water from the boiler or by an electric immersion heater if hot-water space heating boilers are installed (often as backup to the boiler). In the United Kingdom, these boats are referred to as indirect and direct cylinders, respectively. These cylinders are also known as unvented cylinders if they are part of a sealed system that provides mains-pressure hot water. Indirect-fired water heaters are what they’re called in the United States when they’re linked to a boiler.

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