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All known species’ basic structural, functional, and biological unit is the cell (Latin cella, meaning “little apartment”). Because cells are the tiniest units of life, they are sometimes called “building blocks of life.” Cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology are various terms for the study of cells.

Cells are made up of cytoplasm and a membrane that includes various biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. With diameters ranging from 1 to 100 micrometers, most plant and animal cells can only be seen under a light microscope.

Electron microscopy has a significantly greater resolution, allowing for a much more thorough examination of cell structure. Organisms are categorised as either unicellular (consisting of a single cell, such as bacteria) or multicellular (containing many cells) (including plants and animals). Microorganisms are the most common unicellular organisms.

Plants and animals have different numbers of cells depending on their species; humans are thought to have approximately 40 trillion (41013) cells. Around 80 billion of these cells are found in the human brain.

Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke, who called them after the cells occupied by Christian monks at a monastery. Cell theory says that all creatures are made up of one or more cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living beings, and that all cells originate from pre-existing cells. It was initially proposed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. At least 3.5 billion years ago, cells first appeared on Earth.

There are two sorts of cells: eukaryotic cells with a nucleus and prokaryotic cells without one. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multicellular, whereas prokaryotes are single-celled creatures.

Bacteria and archaea, two of the three kingdoms of life, are prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, and they were distinguished by the presence of key biological processes such as cell signaling. They lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, making them simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells.

A prokaryotic cell’s DNA comprises a single circular chromosome in close contact with its cytoplasm. The nucleoid is the nuclear area in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes are the tiniest of all creatures, with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 m.

A prokaryotic cell has three regions:

The cell envelope encloses the cell and is made up of a plasma membrane, a cell wall, and, in certain bacteria, a third layer termed a capsule. Although most prokaryotes have both a cell membrane and a cell wall, Mycoplasma (bacteria) and Thermoplasma (archaea) are outliers that only have the cell membrane layer.

The cell’s envelope provides stiffness and serves as a protective filter by separating its interior from its surroundings. In bacteria, the cell wall is peptidoglycan and acts as an extra barrier against external pressures. It also stops the cell from swelling and bursting (cytolysis) due to a hypotonic environment’s osmotic pressure. Plant and fungal cells contain cell walls, as do specific other eukaryotic cells.

The cytoplasmic portion of the cell contains the genome (DNA), ribosomes, and various inclusions. In the cytoplasm, genetic material is freely distributed. Extrachromosomal DNA elements termed plasmids, which are generally circular, can be carried by prokaryotes.

Several species of spirochete bacteria, including members of the genus Borrelia, including Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease, have been shown to carry linear bacterial plasmids. The DNA is condensed in a nucleoid, even though it does not form a nucleus. Antibiotic resistance genes, for example, are encoded via plasmids.

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