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A coin is a small, flat (usually, depending on the country or value) circular metal or plastic circle, used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized by weight and produced in large quantities at a mint to facilitate trade. Most often they are issued by the government.

Coins are usually from metal or an alloy or sometimes from synthetic materials. They are usually disk-shaped. Coins of precious metals are stored in large quantities in the form of coins as a bullion coins. Other coins are used as money in daily transactions that circulate with banknotes. As a rule, coins with the highest value in circulation (that is, excluding bullion coins) cost less than the lowest value note.

Over the past hundred years, the nominal value of circulating coins has sometimes been less than the value of the metal they contain, for example, because of inflation. If the difference becomes significant, the issuing authority may decide to withdraw these coins from circulation, possibly issuing new equivalents with a different composition, or the public may decide to melt the coins or hoard them.

Exceptions to the nominal value rule, exceeding the value of the contents, are also found for some bullion coins made from copper, silver or gold (and rarely other metals such as platinum or palladium) for collectors or investors in precious metals. Examples of modern gold/investment coin collectors are the British sovereign minted from the United Kingdom, the American Gold Eagle minted by the United States, the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf minted by Canada and the Krugerrand, minted by South Africa.

Historically, a large number of coins (including alloys) and other materials (for example, porcelain) was used to produce coins for handling, collecting, and investing in metals: coin bars often serve as more convenient reserves for the quantity and purity of metal than other bullion.

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