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Greece (Greek: E, Elláda) is a nation in Southeast Europe that is formally known as the Hellenic Republic. Being of 2018, its population was estimated to be at 10.7 million, with Athens as the biggest and capital city, followed by Thessaloniki. Greece is positioned at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa, on the southern point of the Balkans. Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast are its territorial boundaries. The Aegean Sea is to the east, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. At 13,676 km (8,498 mi), Greece’s coastline is the longest in the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest in the world, including numerous islands, 227 of which are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus at 2,918 meters the highest peak (9,573 ft). Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands are the nine historic geographic areas of Greece.

Greece is regarded as the origin of Western civilization, having produced democracy, Western philosophy, Western literature, historiography, political science, key scientific and mathematical concepts, theater, and the Olympic Games. The Greeks were organized into numerous autonomous city-states known as poleis (singular polis) that covered the Mediterranean and the Black Sea starting in the seventh century BC. In the fourth century BC, Philip II of Macedon unified much of modern-day Greece, and his son Alexander the Great quickly conquered much of the ancient world, from the eastern Mediterranean to India. In antiquity, the Hellenistic period saw the height of Greek civilization and influence. In the second century BC, Rome conquered Greece, making it an important component of the Roman Empire and its continuation, the Byzantine Empire, which was mainly Greek culturally and linguistically. The Greek Orthodox Church, which was founded in the first century AD, contributed to the formation of contemporary Greek identity and spread Greek customs across the Orthodox world. Following a war of independence in 1830, Greece emerged as a modern nation-state after coming under Ottoman control in the mid-15th century. The 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the nation represent the country’s rich historic history.

Greece is a unitary parliamentary republic and a developed country with a sophisticated high-income economy and a good quality of life, scoring extremely high in the Human Development Index at the same time. It has the largest economy in the Balkans and is a major regional investor. Greece, a founding member of the United Nations, was the eleventh country to join the European Communities (the forerunner to the European Union) and has been a member of the Eurozone since 2001. It is also a member of the Council of Europe, NATO, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). Greece is classified as a medium power because of its unique cultural legacy, big tourism economy, important maritime sector, and geostrategic relevance.

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