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Chemistry is a scientific discipline related to elements and compounds made up of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior, and the changes they undergo when they react with other substances.
In its subject matter, chemistry occupies an intermediate place between physics and biology. It is sometimes called central science because it provides a framework for understanding both fundamental and applied scientific disciplines at a basic level. For example, chemistry explains aspects of plant chemistry (botany), the formation of igneous rocks (geology), how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environmental pollutants (ecology) deteriorate, the properties of the lunar soil (cosmochemistry), how medications work (pharmacology) and collection of DNA evidence at the crime scene (forensic examination).
Chemistry deals with topics such as the interaction of atoms and molecules through chemical bonds to form new chemical compounds. There are four types of chemical bonds: covalent bonds, in which the compounds share one or more electrons; ionic bonds, in which a combination donates one or more electrons to another compound to form ions (cations and anions); hydrogen bonds; and van der Waals force bonds.
The word chemistry comes from alchemy, which refers to an earlier set of practices that included chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism, and medicine. This is often seen as related to the desire to convert a lead or other common starting material into gold. However, in ancient times the study covered many of the topics of modern chemistry, which were defined as the study of water composition, movement, growth, etc. incarnation, depersonalization, extraction of spirits from bodies and connection of hearts in bodies by the Greek-Egyptian alchemist Zosimus at the beginning of the 4th century. The alchemist was colloquially called the “chemist”, and the suffix “-ry” was later added to describe the art of the chemist as “chemistry.”
The modern word alchemy, in turn, comes from the Arabic word al-kīmīā (الكیمیاء). The term was initially borrowed from the Greek χημία or χημεία. This may be of Egyptian origin since al-kīmīā comes from the Greek χημία, which in turn comes from Kemet, which is the ancient Egyptian language name for Egypt. Alternatively, al-kīmīā can be derived from χημεία, which means “joined together.”
The current model of atomic structure is a quantum mechanical model. Traditional chemistry begins with the study of elementary particles, atoms, molecules, substances, metals, crystals and other aggregates of matter. The material can be tested in solid, liquid, gaseous and plasma states, alone or in combination. The interactions, reactions, and transformations studied in chemistry are usually the result of interactions between atoms, resulting in the rearrangement of the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together. This behavior is being studied in a chemical laboratory.
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