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The technique of arrow pushing, also known as electron pushing, is used to explain the evolution of organic chemistry reaction processes. Sir Robert Robinson was the one who came up with the idea. To demonstrate the reaction mechanism, “curved arrows” or “curly arrows” are placed over the structural formulas of reactants in a chemical equation. The arrows depict the flow of electrons when atom bonds are established and broken. The term “arrow pushing” is frequently used to explain how resonance distributes positive and negative charges across organic molecules. However, keep in mind that arrow pushing is a formalism, and electrons (or rather, electron density) do not move about in reality in such a tidy and distinct manner.

Inorganic chemistry, particularly the chemistry of s- and p-block elements, has recently been extended to arrow pushing. It has been found to be effective in the case of hypervalent substances.

To describe electron motions inside molecular structures, organic chemists utilize two sorts of arrows. Single barbed arrows indicate single electron motions, whereas double-barbed arrows indicate electron pair movement.

When a bond is broken, electrons depart the bond’s location, which is depicted by a curved arrow heading away from the bond and ending with an arrow pointing to the next vacant molecular orbital. Organic chemists, on the other hand, depict the creation of a bond as a curved arrow pointing between two species.

When drawing arrows, start with a lone pair of electrons or an or bond and end at a point that can receive a pair of electrons for clarity. This allows the reader to see exactly which electrons are traveling and where they are ending. Where a matching antibonding orbital is filled, bonds are broken. Some authorities permit the simplification of an arrow originating at a formal negative charge corresponding to a lone pair. However, not all formal negative charges (for example, the B in F4B) equate to the presence of a lone pair, thus caution is advised.

A group of two electrons forms a covalent link between atoms in an organic molecule. An electron pair is the name for such a group. Organic chemistry reactions are characterized by the breaking and creation of such bonds in a sequential manner. A chemical connection can be broken in two ways, according to organic chemists. Homolytic cleavage and heterolytic cleavage are two different types of cleavage.

Homolytic bond cleavage is the splitting of the electron pair that makes up a bond, leading the bond to break. Two single barbed curved arrows pointing away from the binding indicate this. As a result of this process, each of the atoms that were previously linked by a bond retains a single unpaired electron. Free radicals are single-electron entities with only one electron.

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