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Indian cuisine encompasses a wide range of regional and traditional dishes from across the Indian subcontinent. These cuisines differ significantly due to differences in soil, climate, culture, ethnic groups, and vocations, and employ locally available spices, herbs, vegetables, and fruits.

Religion, particularly Hinduism and Islam, as well as cultural choices and customs, all have a strong effect on Indian cuisine.

Invasion, economic links, and colonization have all played a part in the introduction of specific cuisines to this country. The discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus introduced a variety of new vegetables and fruits to India. Potatoes, tomatoes, chilies, peanuts, and guava, for example, have become mainstays in many Indian regions.

The spice trade between India and Europe was the major trigger for Europe’s Age of Discovery, and Indian food has affected the history of international relations. Spices were purchased in India and traded throughout Europe and Asia. Other cuisines throughout the world have been affected by Indian food, including those from Europe (particularly Britain), the Middle East, Southern Africa, East Africa, Southeast Asia, North America, Mauritius, Fiji, Oceania, and the Caribbean.

As a result of the Neolithic Revolution and the spread of agriculture, a first era of indirect links between the Fertile Crescent and the Indus Valley (IV) appears to have occurred after 9000 BCE. Agriculture extended from the Fertile Crescent to the Indus Valley around 7000 BCE, and wheat and barley were planted. The local agricultural community domesticated sesame and humped animals.

Mehrgarh is one of the oldest sites in South Asia with evidence of cultivation and herding. Between 4500 to 1900 BC, the rulers of Lower Mesopotamia were Sumerians who spoke a non-Indo-European and non-Semitic language and may have originated in India and were linked to India’s original Dravidian people.

Turmeric, cardamom, black pepper, and mustard were harvested in India by 3000 BCE.

Clove heads likely to come from the Moluccas in Maritime Southeast Asia were discovered at a 2nd millennium BC site in Terqa about 2350 BCE, as well as evidence for imports from the Indus to Ur in Mesopotamia. Timber, carnelian, and ivory were transported from Meluhha by Meluhhan ships, according to Akkadian Empire archives. Meluhha is the Mesopotamian term for the Indus Valley Civilization.

Rice and vegetables are cooked together in the Mahabharata, and the name “pulao” or “pallao” is used to refer to the dish in ancient Sanskrit writings like Yjavalkya Smti. Ayurveda, an ancient Indian wellness philosophy, focuses on a holistic approach to health that includes diet, dhyana (meditation), and yoga.

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