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An image scanner, often known as a scanner, is a device that scans images, written text, handwriting, or an item optically and transforms it to a digital image. Variations of the desktop flatbed scanner, where the document is placed on a glass pane for scanning, are often used in workplaces.

Hand-held scanners, which are used for industrial design, reverse engineering, test and measurement, orthotics, gaming, and other applications, have progressed from text scanning “wands” to 3D scanners. Large-format papers are often scanned with mechanically driven scanners that move the document, as a flatbed design would be unfeasible.

The image sensor in modern scanners is usually a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a contact image sensor (CIS), although the image sensor in drum scanners, which were created earlier and are still used for the best picture quality, is a photomultiplier tube (PMT).

A rotary scanner is a form of drum scanner that employs a CCD array instead of a photomultiplier for high-speed document scanning. Planetary scanners take photographs of fragile books and papers without touching them. All of these scanners provide two-dimensional photographs of topics that are normally flat but occasionally solid; 3D scanners generate information on the three-dimensional structure of solid items.

Digital cameras may be used in the same way as scanners are. A camera picture has distortion, reflections, shadows, low contrast, and blur due to camera shaking as compared to a genuine scanner (reduced in cameras with image stabilization). For less demanding applications, resolution is sufficient.

Speed, portability, and non-contact digitization of bulky papers without destroying the book spine are all advantages of digital cameras. Scanners and digital cameras were used in 2010 to produce full-color, photo-realistic 3D representations of items.

Scanning equipment for DNA microarrays are often known as scanners in biomedical research. These scanners, like microscopes, are high-resolution instruments (up to 1 m/pixel). CCD or photomultiplier tubes are used for detection.

The pantelegraph (Italian: pantelegrafo; French: pantélégraphe) was an early type of facsimile machine designed by Giovanni Caselli and used commercially in the 1860s. It was the first device of its kind to enter practical use.

It scanned and reproduced pictures using electromagnets to drive and synchronize movement of pendulums at the source and remote locations. Within a 150 mm by 100 mm space, it could transmit handwriting, signatures, or drawings.

The AT&T Wirephoto service was founded on Édouard Belin’s Belinograph of 1913, which was scanned using a photocell and broadcast over standard phone lines. A Belino was a service akin to a wirephoto in Europe.

It consisted of a spinning drum with a single photodetector operating at a regular speed of 60 or 120 rpm and was used by news organizations from the 1920s until the mid-1990s (later models up to 240 rpm).

They provide a linear analog AM signal to receptors through normal telephone voice lines, which print the proportional intensity on special paper simultaneously. Due to transmission costs, color photographs were supplied as three independent RGB filtered images delivered in order, but only for exceptional events.

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