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The state or circumstance of satisfying a certain range of expectations is referred to as success. It may be thought of as the polar opposite of failure. The success criteria are context-dependent and may be relative to a certain observer or belief system. In situations when there is direct competition or a zero-sum game, what one individual deems a success may be considered a failure by another. Similarly, various observers or participants may have varied perspectives on the degree of success or failure in a scenario, thus what one person deems a success, another may consider a failure, a qualified success, or a neutral situation. A film that is a commercial failure or even a box–office bomb, for example, might develop a cult following, with the original lack of financial success providing it a subcultural cachet.

Due to imprecise or ill-defined definitions of success and failure criteria, it may be difficult or impossible to determine if a scenario fulfills those requirements. Finding meaningful and effective criteria, or heuristics, to measure a situation’s failure or success may be a difficult endeavor in and of itself.

DeVitis and Rich attribute their prosperity to the American Dream. They claim that “the American Dream, which is perhaps the most powerful concept in American life,” contains “the ideal of success,” and that “Americans usually believe in achievement, success, and materialism.” Weiss relates the American perception of success to Max Weber’s definition of the Protestant work ethic in his study of success in the American psyche.

Natural selection is the variance in individual success in surviving and reproducing as a result of phenotyp variations. The change in the heritable features typical of a population across generations is a major evolutionary process. Natural selection was popularized by Charles Darwin, who contrasted it with artificial selection, which, in his opinion, is purposeful and natural selection is not. Natural selection, as Darwin put it in 1859, is the “principle by which each minor change, if valuable, is retained.” The idea was simple but powerful: those who are most suited to their circumstances had a higher chance of surviving and reproducing. There will be an unavoidable selection of individuals with the most favorable variants as long as there is some variation between them and that variation is heritable. If the differences are heritable, then differential reproductive success leads to the gradual evolution of specific populations within a species, and populations that diverge enough to become distinct species.

Grading is a common technique of expressing a student’s achievement in an educational institution. Numbers, letters, and other symbols may be used to represent grades. Mount Holyoke College began grading students on a 100-point or % scale in 1884, and then summarizing those numerical marks by giving letter grades to numerical ranges. Mount Holyoke issued letter grades from A to E, with E denoting a performance of less than 75 percent. By 1890, the A”E system had expanded to Harvard University. Mount Holyoke changed its grading system in 1898, adding a F for failing (and adjusting the ranges corresponding to the other letters). In the first decades of the twentieth century, the use of letter grades became more widespread. The letter E was omitted from the alphabet in the 1930s for unknown reasons.

The effectiveness of educational systems in imparting information and skills may be measured. For example, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECDProgramme )’s for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a global study that evaluates educational systems by assessing 15-year-old school pupils’ scholastic achievement in mathematics, science, and reading. It was initially staged in 2000, and it was then replayed every three years after that.

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