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Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products, especially in the diet, and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals. A person who follows a diet or philosophy is known as a vegan. There are several categories of veganism. Diet vegans, also known as “strict vegetarians”, abstain from meat, eggs, dairy products, and any other animal substance. An ethical vegan, also known as a “moral vegetarian,” is someone who not only follows a vegan diet but also extends the philosophy to other areas of their lives and opposes the use of animals for any purpose. Another term is “ecological veganism,” which refers to avoiding animal products on the grounds that industrial livestock farming is damaging to the environment and unsustainable.

Well-planned vegan diets are considered suitable for all stages of life, including infancy and pregnancy, by the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, nutritionists in Canada, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, New Zealand Ministry of Health, Harvard Medical School, and British Dietetic Association. The German Society for Nutrition does not recommend a vegan diet for children and adolescents or during pregnancy and lactation. There is conflicting evidence that a vegan diet provides a protective effect against metabolic syndrome, but some evidence suggests that a vegan diet can help with weight loss, especially in the short term. Vegan diets are higher in fiber, magnesium, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, and phytochemicals; and low in dietary energy, saturated fat, cholesterol, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B12.

As a result of avoiding all animal products, a vegan diet can lead to nutritional deficiencies that negate all the beneficial effects and can cause serious health problems. Some of these disadvantages can only be prevented by choosing fortified foods or taking supplements regularly. Vitamin B12 supplementation is especially important as its deficiency causes blood disorders and potentially irreversible neurological damage.

Donald Watson coined the term “vegan” in 1944 when he co-founded the Vegan Society in the United kingdom. At first, he used it as a “dairy-free vegetarian”, and until May 1945, vegans categorically abstained from eggs and honey, animal milk, butter, and cheese. “Since 1951, society has defined it as “the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals.” Interest in veganism increased in 2010, especially in the second half. More vegan shops have opened, and vegan options are becoming more available in supermarkets and restaurants around the world.

The term “vegetarian” has been used since about 1839 to refer to what was previously described as a vegetable regimen or diet.

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