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London is England’s and the United Kingdom’s capital and largest city. The city is located on the River Thames in England’s southeast, at the mouth of the 50-mile (80-kilometer) estuary that leads to the North Sea. London, founded by the Romans and known initially as Londinium, has been a prominent settlement for almost two millennia. The City of London, the city’s old heart and financial center—an area of just 1.12 square miles (2.9 km2) and popularly known as the Square Mile—retains medieval borders.

Much of the national government has been based in the nearby City of Westminster for centuries. Modern London also includes thirty-one boroughs to the north and south of the Thames. The mayor of London and the London Assembly is in charge of the London area.

London is one of the most significant global cities in the globe. Arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transportation are all influenced. It is one of the world’s major financial centers, with the second-highest number of ultra-high-net-worth persons in Europe, behind Paris, in 2019. And, behind Moscow, London had the second-highest number of billionaires in Europe in 2020.

London has the highest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe, including prestigious schools like Imperial College London in natural and applied sciences, the London School of Economics in social sciences, and the comprehensive University College London. London made history by being the first city to hold three modern Summer Olympic Games in 2012.

London is home to a varied population of people and cultures, with over 300 languages spoken in the area. It has almost 9 million people in mid-2018 (equivalent to Greater London), making it Europe’s third-most populated metropolis. London is home to 13.4% of the population of the United Kingdom. With 9,787,426 people at the 2011 census, the Greater London Built-up Area is Europe’s fourth most populated after Istanbul, Moscow, and Paris. With 14,040,163 residents in 2016, the London metropolitan region is Europe’s third most populated after Istanbul and the Moscow Metropolitan Area.

The Tower of London, Kew Gardens, the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret’s Church, and the ancient settlement of Greenwich, where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich establishes the Prime Meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time, are all World Heritage Sites in London. Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul’s Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard are other notable sights.

There are many museums, galleries, libraries, and athletic events in London. The British Museum, the National Gallery, the Natural History Museum, the Tate Modern, the British Library, and the West End theatres. The London Underground system is the world’s oldest rapid transport system.

London is an old name that dates back to the first century AD, generally in the Latinized form Londinium; for example, handwritten Roman tablets discovered between AD 65/70 and AD 80 feature the term Londinio (‘in London’).

The name has sparked a plethora of mythicizing explanations throughout the years. Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae, published about 1136, is the first source.

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