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Egypt, formally the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental republic that spans the Sinai Peninsula, which connects the northeastern corner of Africa to the southwest corner of Asia. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered on the northeast by the Gaza Strip (Palestine) and Israel, on the east by the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea, on the south by Sudan, and on the west by Libya. Jordan is across the Gulf of Aqaba, Saudi Arabia is over the Red Sea, and Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus are across the Mediterranean, yet none of them have a physical boundary with Egypt.

Egypt has one of the oldest histories of any country, dating back to the 6th”4th millennia BCE throughout the Nile Delta. Ancient Egypt is regarded as the cradle of civilisation, having witnessed the emergence of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organized religion, and central government.

The remains of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, as well as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, represent this heritage and remain a key focus of scholarly and public attention. Egypt’s long and rich cultural past is an important aspect of its national identity, reflecting the country’s unique transcontinental position, which encompasses the Mediterranean, Middle East, and North African regions.

Egypt was an early and prominent Christian center, but it was substantially Islamized in the seventh century and is now primarily Muslim, but with a considerable Christian minority.

Egypt became a monarchy in 1922, when it declared independence from the British Empire. Egypt proclaimed itself a republic after the 1952 revolution, and in 1958 it combined with Syria to establish the United Arab Republic, which lasted until 1961. Egypt experienced social and religious unrest as well as political instability in the second half of the twentieth century, fighting multiple violent confrontations with Israel in 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973, and occupying the Gaza Strip intermittently until 1967.

Egypt signed the Camp David Accords in 1978, formally withdrawing from Gaza and acknowledging Israel. Political upheaval, particularly the recent 2011 revolution and its aftermath, as well as terrorism and economic underdevelopment, continue to plague the country. A number of human rights watchdogs have labeled Egypt’s current administration, a semi-presidential republic led by Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, as authoritarian or as an authoritarian regime responsible for the country’s poor human rights record.

Egypt’s official religion is Islam, and its official language is Arabic. Egypt is the most populated country in North Africa, the Middle East, and the Arab world, as well as the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia) and the thirteenth-most populous in the world, with over 100 million people. The vast majority of its inhabitants reside along the Nile River’s banks, which cover an area of around 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 square miles) and include the only arable territory in the country.

The Sahara desert, which encompasses the majority of Egypt’s landmass, is sparsely populated. About half of Egypt’s population lives in cities, with the majority of them concentrated in Greater Cairo, Alexandria, and other important cities in the Nile Delta.

Egypt is a developing country, with a Human Development Index ranking of 116th. In terms of politics, however, it is seen as a regional force in North Africa, the Middle East, and the Muslim world, as well as a global middle power. Egypt has a diverse economy that is the second-largest in Africa, the 33rd-largest in nominal GDP, and the 20th-largest in terms of purchasing power parity.

Egypt is a founding member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Arab League, the African Union, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and the World Youth Forum, among other organizations.

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